🏥 医学专业英语问答
Medical Professional English Q&A
各科室常见专业问题英文回答模板
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❤️ 循环系统 Cardiovascular System
1
What's the definition, risk factors, measurement of hypertension?
高频考点
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHg in the absence of antihypertensive medications.
The risk factors mainly include genetic factors, high sodium and low potassium diet, mental stress, smoking, weight gain, some drugs, sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome, etc.
Blood pressure was measured by three methods: office blood pressure, home blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure.
翻译：高血压定义为未使用降压药物的情况下诊室收缩压≥140mmHg和（或）舒张压≥90mmHg。其危险因素主要包括遗传因素、高钠低钾饮食、精神应激、吸烟、体重增加、某些药物、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征等。血压测量分为3种方法，分别是诊室血压、家庭自测血压和动态血压。
2
What's the classification of ACS?
必考
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical syndromes caused by acute myocardial ischemia, including:
• Unstable angina (UA)
• Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
• ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
翻译：急性冠脉综合征是一组由急性心肌缺血引起的临床综合征，主要包括不稳定型心绞痛（UA）、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）、ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）。
🫁 呼吸系统 Respiratory System
1
What's the definition and diagnosis of AECOPD?
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is a condition in which the cough, sputum, dyspnea, or increased sputum volume, or yellow sputum, is worse than usual and requires a change in medication regimen.
The diagnosis is made when at least two of the following three items are present:
(i) increased shortness of breath
(ii) increased sputum volume
(iii) purulent sputum
翻译：AECOPD全称为急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾病。慢阻肺急性加重是指咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难比平时加重,或痰量增多,或咯黄痰,需要改变用药方案。至少具有以下3项中的2项即可诊断:①气促加重，②痰量增加，③痰变脓性。
2
What's the treatment of AECOPD?
The goals of treatment for AECOPD are to minimize the impact of the current exacerbation and to prevent the development of subsequent exacerbations.
1. Identify cause - infection is the most common cause. Antibiotics are indicated if there's purulent sputum.
2. Controlled oxygen therapy - should be supplied to keep arterial saturations ≥90%. The concentration should not be too high to avoid carbon dioxide retention.
3. Bronchodilator - Inhaled SABA or SABA combined with SAMA are preferred.
4. Corticosteroids - Systemic corticosteroids can shorten recovery time.
5. Mechanical ventilation - can decrease myocardial and total oxygen consumption.
翻译：治疗AECOPD的目标是尽量减少当前加重的影响，并防止随后恶化的发生。1.确定原因-感染是最常见的原因，有脓性痰时使用抗生素。2.控制性氧疗-应保持动脉饱和度≥90%，浓度不应过高以避免二氧化碳潴留。3.支气管扩张剂-首选吸入SABA或联合SAMA。4.皮质激素-系统性皮质激素可缩短康复时间。5.机械通气-可减少心肌和总耗氧量。
🧪 内分泌系统 Endocrine System
1
What's the classification of diabetes?
必考
According to the WHO classification criteria, diabetes can be divided into four categories:
1. Type 1 diabetes - caused by the destruction of pancreatic β cells and an absolute lack of insulin. It is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and occurs during adolescence.
2. Type 2 diabetes (the most common) - tends to occur in obese people and adults. It is characterized by insulin resistance with progressive insufficient insulin secretion.
3. Special types of diabetes - uncommon and related to genetic or environmental factors.
4. Gestational diabetes - refers to abnormal sugar metabolism during pregnancy.
翻译：根据WHO分型标准，糖尿病可以分为四类：1型糖尿病（由胰岛β细胞破坏，胰岛素绝对缺乏引起，存在自身抗体且好发于青春期）；2型糖尿病（最常见，患者多数肥胖且成年后发病，以胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素进行性分泌不足）；特殊类型糖尿病（与遗传、环境等因素有关）；妊娠期糖尿病（妊娠期间发生的糖代谢异常）。
2
What's the definition of diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to impairment of insulin secretion, defective insulin action, or both.
The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with relatively specific long-term microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
翻译：糖尿病是一种异质性代谢紊乱，其特征是由于胰岛素分泌障碍或胰岛素作用缺陷或两者兼而有之而出现高血糖。糖尿病的慢性高血糖与影响眼睛、肾脏和神经的相对特殊的长期微血管并发症以及心血管疾病的风险增加有关。
3
Introduce a disease of endocrine system.
I'd like to talk about osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a relatively common disease of endocrine system. Its characteristics are low bone mass, bone microstructure damage resulting in increased bone brittleness, easy to fracture.
Osteoporosis can be divided into primary and secondary, among which primary osteoporosis is more likely to occur in postmenopausal women and the elderly.
Patients usually have no obvious clinical symptoms at first, so it is also called "silent disease", but as the disease progresses, patients can develop bone pain, fatigue, and even osteoporotic fractures.
The treatments are nutrition supplement, appropriate exercise, anti-osteoporosis drugs, and rehabilitation therapy.
翻译：骨质疏松症是一种较为常见的内分泌科疾病，其特点是骨量低、骨组织微结构损坏导致骨脆性增加，易发生骨折。骨质疏松可分为原发性和继发性，其中原发性骨质疏松好发于绝经后的女性和老年人。患者初期通常没有明显的临床表现，因而被称为"寂静的疾病"，但随着病情进展，患者会出现骨痛、乏力，甚至发生骨质疏松性骨折等。治疗方法主要是加强营养、选择合适的运动，并服用抗骨质疏松药物，辅以康复治疗。
🫃 消化系统 Digestive System
1
What's the complications of peptic ulcer?
必考
The most common complication is bleeding. Its symptom or sign: hematemesis and melena.
The second most common complication is perforation. Typical clinical presentation is acute onset of severe, intolerable abdominal pain.
The third one is obstruction. Acute ulcers: obstruction is due to edema and inflammation. Chronic ulcer: obstruction occur secondary to scarring with fibrosis.
The last one is canceration: 1%-2% of GU patients may have. But DU has no canceration tendency.
翻译：消化性溃疡有四大并发症。最常见的是出血，主要症状是呕血和便血。第二大并发症是穿孔，其典型表现为剧烈腹痛。第三大并发症为梗阻，急性梗阻为水肿性，而慢性梗阻为瘢痕梗阻。最后一个并发症是癌变，胃溃疡患者有1-2%会癌变，而十二指肠溃疡一般无癌变倾向。
2
What's the definition and treatment of early gastric cancer?
Early stage gastric cancer refers to lesions confined to the mucosa or submucosa, regardless of the size of the lesion or the presence of lymph node metastasis.
A lesion with a diameter of less than 10 mm is called small gastric cancer, and a lesion with a diameter of less than 5 mm is called micro gastric cancer.
For early gastric cancer, differentiated intra-mucosal carcinoma without ulceration less than 2 cm in diameter, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic mucosal dissection (ESD) can be performed.
翻译：早期胃癌指病变仅局限于黏膜或者黏膜下层，不论病灶大小或者有无淋巴结转移。癌灶直径在10mm以下称小胃癌，5mm以下为微小胃癌。对于早期胃癌，直径小于2cm的无溃疡表现的分化型黏膜内癌，可在内镜下行黏膜切除术（EMR）或内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）。
3
What's the blood supply to the liver?
The liver has dual blood supply, the hepatic artery system and the portal vein system.
The hepatic artery pressure is relatively high, and its blood flow accounts for about 25% of the blood flow into the liver, mainly providing rich oxygen.
The portal vein system pressure is relatively low, its blood flow accounts for about 75% of the blood flow into the liver, and it contains rich nutrients.
翻译：肝脏具有双重血液供应，分别是肝动脉系统和门静脉系统。其中肝动脉压力较高，其血流量占入肝血流的25%左右，主要是提供丰富的氧气。门静脉系统压力相对较低，其血流量占入肝血流量的75%左右，其内含有丰富的营养物质。
🫘 泌尿系统 Urinary System
1
What's the diagnostic criteria for nephrotic syndrome?
必考
The diagnostic criteria for nephrotic syndrome are:
1. Massive proteinuria (>3.5g/d)
2. Hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <30g/L)
3. Edema
4. Hyperlipidemia
The first two are required for diagnosis.
翻译：肾病综合征的诊断标准是：1.大量蛋白尿（>3.5g/d）2.低白蛋白血症(血清白蛋白<30g/L) 3.水肿 4.高脂血症。前两项是诊断的必备条件。
2
Introduce chronic kidney disease.
Chronic kidney disease refers to renal injury or glomerular filtration rate is lower than 60ml/(min*1.73m²) for more than three months.
Abnormalities of renal structure and function caused by various reasons last for more than three months, including signs of renal injury with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate.
The main clinical manifestations are digestive symptoms, cardiovascular complications, anemia and renal osteodystrophy.
翻译：慢性肾脏病是指肾脏损伤或肾小球滤过率小于60ml/(min*1.73m²)，时间超过三个月。各种原因引起的肾脏结构和功能异常持续超过三个月，包括肾脏损伤迹象伴有或不伴有肾小球滤过率下降。主要临床表现有消化道症状、心血管并发症、贫血和肾性骨营养不良。
🔬 外科相关 Surgery
1
Talk about your views on traditional surgery and minimally invasive surgery.
In my opinion, I believe that traditional surgery and minimally invasive surgery both have their respective advantages and disadvantages, so we should utilize them properly.
On the one hand, traditional surgery has the advantages of clear vision and convenient operation for surgeons to resect the lesion, which will inevitably bring huge trauma to patients at the same time.
On the other hand, minimally invasive surgery is being used more and more because of its minimal trauma to patients with the relatively longer time of surgery meanwhile.
Therefore, we must choose the best way to conduct operations on patients based on different circumstances. The doctor's responsibility is to choose the most suitable surgical method for the patient.
翻译：就我看来，我认为传统手术和微创手术都有他们各自的优缺点，所以我们应该合理利用他们。一方面，传统手术拥有术野清晰、操作便利的优点，但同时不可避免地会给病人带来很大的创伤。另一方面，微创手术由于对病人有更少和更轻微的损伤而越来越多地被应用，但也会带来手术时间相对延长的问题。因此，我们一定要根据不同情况选择对病人最有利的方法来做手术。医生的责任是为患者选择最合适的手术方法。
📖 专业术语速查 Medical Terminology
循环系统
- • Hypertension - 高血压
- • Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) - 急性冠脉综合征
- • Unstable Angina (UA) - 不稳定型心绞痛
- • STEMI - ST段抬高型心肌梗死
- • NSTEMI - 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死
- • Systolic/Diastolic pressure - 收缩压/舒张压
呼吸系统
- • COPD - 慢性阻塞性肺疾病
- • AECOPD - 慢阻肺急性加重
- • Dyspnea - 呼吸困难
- • Bronchodilator - 支气管扩张剂
- • Purulent sputum - 脓性痰
- • Mechanical ventilation - 机械通气
内分泌系统
- • Diabetes Mellitus - 糖尿病
- • Hyperglycemia - 高血糖
- • Insulin resistance - 胰岛素抵抗
- • Osteoporosis - 骨质疏松症
- • Gestational diabetes - 妊娠期糖尿病
- • Pancreatic β cells - 胰岛β细胞
消化系统
- • Peptic ulcer - 消化性溃疡
- • Hematemesis - 呕血
- • Melena - 黑便
- • Perforation - 穿孔
- • Early gastric cancer - 早期胃癌
- • Mucosa/Submucosa - 黏膜/黏膜下层
泌尿系统
- • Nephrotic syndrome - 肾病综合征
- • Proteinuria - 蛋白尿
- • Hypoalbuminemia - 低白蛋白血症
- • Glomerular filtration rate - 肾小球滤过率
- • Chronic kidney disease - 慢性肾脏病
- • Edema - 水肿
外科相关
- • Minimally invasive surgery - 微创手术
- • Laparoscopic - 腹腔镜的
- • Endoscopic - 内镜的
- • ESD - 内镜下黏膜剥离术
- • EMR - 内镜下黏膜切除术
- • Trauma - 创伤
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